Auditory ossicles8/31/2023 ![]() The pars flaccida also called as Shrapnell’s membrane is in the upper part of the tympanic membrane above the malleolar fold and is a relatively more fragile region than the other larger part of the tympanic membrane, the pars tensa. Schematic of tympanic membrane, which is partitioned into two parts based on morphology: One the pars flaccida and second the pars tensa. The structural morphology of the tympanic membrane. The ear is structurally and functionally partitioned into three parts that are required for normal hearing: the outer inner, middle ear, and the inner ear-the latter is further divided into the vestibular labyrinth and cochlea ( Figure 1). The former part of the ear deals with conducting the sound to the sense organ cochlea and then the cochlea is responsible for the transduction of vibrations, which is performed by delicate hair cells. A human ear has hearing range of 20–20,000 Hz through the air conduction while this range is greater for much higher frequencies in case of bone conduction. Each ear contains the cochlea, a snail-shaped coiled moiety, as the sense organ. The hearing organ “the ear” is a paired organ, located one on each side of the head. This chapter will mainly discuss the structure of different parts of the ear and their physiological interplay in hearing. This mechanism of the sound interpretation is complex. Human ear converts the physical vibration (sound) into a nerve impulse which is further processed by central auditory pathway of the brain. It also helps the person to communicate and detect different environmental signals. Hearing is the fundamental sense that allows one to perceive the sound. A human speaker or any other sound source produces the specific vibration patterns that are converted into appropriate auditory signals by the ear. When sound waves travel through a medium, the particles of that medium vibrate parallel to the direction of sound wave that explains the longitudinal wave nature of sound. These longitudinal waves consist of alternating compressions and refractions. Sound is a mechanical energy wave which can travel through in air or any other physical medium (gas, liquid and solid). The aim of this chapter is to review the basic structure and physiology of different parts of the human ear that are involved in the hearing process. The neural signals in turn are interpreted by the brain, which one can hear and understand. Cochlea contains organ of Corti, which converts these vibrations into electrical signals by its hair cells. The ossicles amplify the vibrations of sound and send them to the cochlea in the inner ear. ![]() ![]() It vibrates and passes these vibrations to three ossicles present in the middle ear. When a sound of particular frequency enters the outer ear, it passes through the auditory canal and strikes the tympanic membrane. So, it is important to study the structure and physiology of the human ear. Defects in outer and middle ear can cause conductive hearing loss, while the defective inner ear may lead to sensorineural hearing loss. The human ear is divided into three parts: the outer, middle, and inner ear. Hearing is the fundamental sense based on the normal functioning of the hearing organ “the ear,” which plays a vital role in social interaction and the ability of learning. ![]()
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